In 1892 Kipling married Caroline Balestier.
They settled on the Balestier estate near Brattleboro, Vermont, in the United
States, and began four of the happiest years of Kipling's life. During this
time he wrote some of his best work—Many Inventions (1893), perhaps
his best volume of short stories; The Jungle Book (1894)
and The Second Jungle Book (1895), two books of animal fables
that attracted readers of all ages by illustrating the larger truths of
life; The Seven Seas (1896), a collection of poems in
experimental rhythms; and Captains Courageous (1897), a
novel-length, sea story. These works not only assured Kipling's lasting fame as
a serious writer but also made him a rich man. Kipling
claimed that
B) In his final book, the autobiography Something of Myself,
he wrote: ‘When your Daemon is in charge, do not try to think consciously.
Drift, wait, and obey.’ This ‘Daemon’ is a part of the author’s personality
which seems to take over and ‘dictate’ the story to the writer.
D) None
Ans:C
Rudyard Kipling's first collection of verse was published in 1886 titled Departmental Ditties.
While working at the newspaper the Civil and Military Gazette Rudyard was asked to start writing short stories.
Between 1886 and 1887, 39 of Rudyard Kipling's stories appeared in the newspaper where he worked.
Rudyard Kipling published six short story collections in 1888 including Soldiers Three, The Story of the Gadsbys, In Black and White, Under the Deodards, The Phantom Rickshaw, and Wee Willie Winkie.
Rudyard Kipling's job at the newspaper ended in 1889 when he was fired over an argument, and he took his six-month's salary and set sail for England.
On his voyage to London, England Rudyard toured North America. He met Mark Twain on his journeys.
Rudyard Kipling arrived in London in 1889, and began to write. His novel The Light that Failed was published two years later.
Rudyard Kipling married Caroline Starr Balestier, the sister of a friend (who was co-writer of the novel The Naulahka), in 1892.
Rudyard and his wife settled in a cottage in Vermont and had a daughter Josephine in 1892.
Rudyard drew the first pictures for The Jungle Book while living in the cottage.
British writer Arthur Conan Doyle once visited Rudyard at his cottage called Naulakha.
In 1896 Rudyard and Caroline had a second daughter Elsie. The Kiplings returned to England the same year.
Rudyard Kipling published The Jungle Book in 1894, and The Second Jungle Book in 1895.
Rudyard and Caroline had a son named John in 1897.
In 1899 Josephine died of pneumonia. She was six years old.
Rudyard Kipling published a large collection of work in his lifetime including books, novels, collections, poems, autobiographies, speeches, and short stories. His work included children's books, military stories, and travel stories, among other topics.
Rudyard Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. He was the first English recipient of the award that had been established in 1901.
Rudyard's son John died during the First World War, at the Battle of Loos.
Rudyard Kipling died on January 18th, 1936, at the age of 70. His obituary appeared in the newspaper two days before he died and he read it and responded to the publisher of the falsehood.
In 1889 Kipling took a long voyage through China, Japan, and the United States. When he reached London, he found that his stories had preceded him and established him as a brilliant new author. He was readily accepted into the circle of leading writers. While there he wrote a number of stories and some of his best-remembered poems: "A Ballad of East and West," "Mandalay," and "The English Flag." He also introduced English readers to a "new genre [type]" of serious poems in Cockney dialect: "Danny Deever," "Tommy," "Fuzzy-Wuzzy," and "Gunga Din."
Kipling's first novel, The Light That Failed (1891), was unsuccessful. But when his stories were collected as Life's Handicap (1891) and poems as Barrackroom Ballads (1892), Kipling replaced Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892) as the most popular English author.
Kipling now turned from the wide empire as his subject to simply England itself. In 1902 he published Just So Stories for Little Children. He also issued two books of stories of England's past—Puck of Pook's Hill(1906) and Rewards and Fairies (1910). Like the Jungle Books they were intended for young readers but were suitable for adults as well. His most significant work at this time was a number of volumes of short stories written in a different style—"Traffics and Discoveries" (1904), "Actions and Reactions" (1904), "A Diversity of Creatures" (1917), "Debits and Credits" (1926), and "Limits and Renewals" (1932).
Kipling's later stories treat more complex, subtle, and somber (serious) subjects. They reflect Kipling's darkened worldview following the death of his daughter, Josephine, in 1899, and the death of his son, John, in 1915. Consequently, these stories have never been as popular as his earlier works. But modern critics, in reevaluating Kipling, have found a greater power and depth that make them among his best work.
In 1907 Kipling became the first English writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died on January 18, 1936, and is buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England. His autobiography, Something of Myself, was published in 1937.
Rudyard Kipling's early stories and poems about life in colonial India made him a great favorite with English readers. His support of English imperialism (the policy of extending the rule of a nation over foreign countries) at first contributed to this popularity but caused a reaction against him in the twentieth century. Today he is best known for his Jungle Books and Kim, a Story of India.
What does the phrase "White Man's Burden," coined by Kipling, refer to?
a) Britain's
manifest destiny to colonize the world
b) the moral
responsibility to bring civilization and Christianity to the peoples of the
world
c) the British
need to improve technology and transportation in other parts of the world
d) the
importance of solving economic and social problems in England before tackling
the world's problems
e) a Chartist
sentiment
Ans-b) the moral responsibility to
bring civilization and Christianity to the peoples of the world
Recessional : A Victorian Ode”,
Kipling’s well-known poem,
I. laments the end of an Era
II. marks a new commitment to
scientific knowledge
III. expresses the sincerity of
his religious devotion
IV. was occasioned by Queen
Victoria’s 1897 Jubilee
Celebration
The correct combination for the
statement, according to the code, is
(A) I, II and III are correct.
(B) III and IV are correct.
(C) I and IV are correct.
(D) I, III and IV are correct.
Ans;(B)
III and IV are correct.
"Written for Queen Victoria's Diamond
Jubilee, a celebration honoring her sixty-year reign, "Recessional"
is a prayer for the welfare of England and a warning for her to be humbled, not
proud because of her great position in the world. A recessional is a hymn sung
at the end of a church service as the clergy and choir leave in a procession. The poem is a reminder, a prophecy and a
warning to the British nation, that greatness is not in the long term
manifested by military power but by religious faith and humility.
In reality the UK has lost its religious
faith. And where\'s the pomp and power of yesterday? Gone
2. Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” is
addressed to
(A) The American imperial mission in the
Philippines.
(B) The Belgian colonial expansion in the
Congo.
(C) The British Imperial presence in
Nigeria.
(D) The British colonial entry into Afghanistan
Ans:. Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” is
addressed to The American imperial mission in the Philippines. At the
conclusion of the Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States annexed the
Philippines, which had been a Spanish colony since the 16th century.“The White
Man’s Burden”is Kipling’s Hymn to U.S. Imperialism,in February 1899, he wrote a
poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine
Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of
empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February,
1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the
Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed
Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore
Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem
and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was
“rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not
everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the
“White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many
anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase.
23. The poem “If” was written by
(A) Rudyard Kipling (B) G. M. Hopkins
(C) T. S. Eliot (D) None of these
Ans-(A)
Rudyard Kipling
88. Of which poet was it said 'Even if he's
not a great poet, he's certainly a great something'?
a. Elliot
b. Kipling
c. Cummings
d. Brooke
Ans-b.
Kipling
31. Examine the following statements and
identify one of them which is not true.
(A) Rudyard Kipling died in the year
1936.
(B) He was born in India but
schooled in England.
(C) He returned to India as a police
constable in Burma.
(D) He is the author of Jungle Book
and Barrack Room Ballads.
Ans-(C) He returned to India as a police
constable in Burma.
1)Here is the passage from ……….
“[Lurgan Sahib’s] shop was full of all manner of dresses and turbans, and Kim was apparelled variously as a young Mohammedan of good family, an oilman, and once — which was a joyous evening — as the son of an Oudh landholder in the fullest of full dress. Lurgan Sahib had a hawk’s eye to detect the least flaw in the make-up; and lying on a worn teak-wood couch, would explain by the half hour together how such and such a caste talked, or walked, or coughed, or spat, or sneezed, and since ‘hows’ matter little in this world, the ‘why’ of everything. The Hindu boy played this game clumsily. The little mind, keen as an icicle where tally of jewels was concerned, could not temper itself to enter into another's soul; but there was that in Kim which woke up and sang with joy as he put on the changing dresses, and changed his speech and gesture therewith. Carried away by enthusiasm, he volunteered to show Lurgan Sahib one evening how the disciples of a certain caste of faqir,old Lahore acquaintances, begged doles by the roadside, and what sort of language he would use to an Englishman, to a Punjabi farmer going to a fair, and to a woman without a veil. Lurgan Sahib laughed immensely, and begged Kim to stay as he was, immobile for half an hour — cross-legged, ash-smeared, and wild-eyed, in the back room.”
“[Lurgan Sahib’s] shop was full of all manner of dresses and turbans, and Kim was apparelled variously as a young Mohammedan of good family, an oilman, and once — which was a joyous evening — as the son of an Oudh landholder in the fullest of full dress. Lurgan Sahib had a hawk’s eye to detect the least flaw in the make-up; and lying on a worn teak-wood couch, would explain by the half hour together how such and such a caste talked, or walked, or coughed, or spat, or sneezed, and since ‘hows’ matter little in this world, the ‘why’ of everything. The Hindu boy played this game clumsily. The little mind, keen as an icicle where tally of jewels was concerned, could not temper itself to enter into another's soul; but there was that in Kim which woke up and sang with joy as he put on the changing dresses, and changed his speech and gesture therewith. Carried away by enthusiasm, he volunteered to show Lurgan Sahib one evening how the disciples of a certain caste of faqir,old Lahore acquaintances, begged doles by the roadside, and what sort of language he would use to an Englishman, to a Punjabi farmer going to a fair, and to a woman without a veil. Lurgan Sahib laughed immensely, and begged Kim to stay as he was, immobile for half an hour — cross-legged, ash-smeared, and wild-eyed, in the back room.”
A) KIM by kipling
B) A QUEST FOR KIM by peter hopkirk
C) KIM by kipling and A QUEST FOR KIM
by peter hopkirk
D) none of the above
Ans:A
2)He repeats several times how
beautiful the country of his birth was, “A fair land — a most beautiful land is
this of Hind — and the land of the Five Rivers is fairer than all,” Kim half
chanted. “Into it I will go again if Mahbub Ali or the Colonel lift hand or
foot against me. Once gone, who shall find me? Look, Hajji, is yonder the city
of Simla pahar. Allah, what a city!”
And again, "‘And who are thy people, O Friend of all the World?'
And again, "‘And who are thy people, O Friend of all the World?'
'This great and beautiful land,' said
Kim, waving his hand round the little clay-walled room where the oil-lamp in
its niche burned heavily through the tobacco-smoke."
A) KIM by kipling
B) A QUEST FOR KIM by peter hopkirk
C) KIM by kipling and A QUEST FOR KIM
by peter hopkirk
D) none of the above
Ans:A
And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard–
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light: —
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
"Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden–
Ye dare not stoop to less–
Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloak your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your Gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden–
Have done with childish days–
The lightly proffered laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years,
Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!'
The poem is……………..
The scorpion
Journy to magi
The white mans burden
Westland
Ans:C
4)Craig Raine, in a splendid article in the Kipling Journal, defends Kipling from charges of racism. He quotes two letters, revealing
4)Craig Raine, in a splendid article in the Kipling Journal, defends Kipling from charges of racism. He quotes two letters, revealing
A)"the private man in the secrecy
of his correspondence," written between late 1885 and early 1886, to
Margaret Burne-Jones, when Kipling was working at the Civil and Military
Gazette. In one, Kipling attacks the very notion of the stereotypical
‘native’:
B)As Raine remarks, “Kipling recorded these distinctions. He didn't invent them. And they still exist. In the aftermath of the recent race riots in Oldham, the Today Programme had an interview in which a Hindu woman complained about the blanket label ‘Asians’—and blamed the riots on sections of the Moslem community.”
B)As Raine remarks, “Kipling recorded these distinctions. He didn't invent them. And they still exist. In the aftermath of the recent race riots in Oldham, the Today Programme had an interview in which a Hindu woman complained about the blanket label ‘Asians’—and blamed the riots on sections of the Moslem community.”
C) “the immeasurable gulf that lies
between the races in all things, you would see how it comes to pass that the
Englishman is prone to despise the natives—(I must use that misleading term for
brevity's sake)—and how, except in the matter of trade, to have little or
nothing in common with him.
D)“Now this is a wholly wrong attitude
of mind but it's one that a Briton who washes, and don't take bribes, and who
thinks of other things besides intrigue and seduction most naturally falls
into. When he does, goodbye to his chances of attempting to understand the
people of the land.”
E) A and B
Ans:E
5) As Raine informs us, Kipling
then describes his novel Mother Maturin as an attempt to
penetrate the authentic native life, which remained unaffected by British rule.the
novel is…..
A) KIM by kipling
B) A QUEST FOR KIM by peter hopkirk
C) KIM by kipling and A QUEST FOR KIM
by peter hopkirk
D) none of the above
Ans:A
6)Raine offers an ingenious
interpretation of Kipling's famous poem White Man's Burden,
addressed to the people of the United States:“The poem 'The White Man's Burden'
has been widely misread. In effect, critics have stopped, affronted, the first stanza is
A)"Your new-caught, sullen
peoples, / Half-devil and half child."
B) "The judgment of your
peers!" Who are those 'peers,' those equals?
C) Since the poem is addressed to
the USA, you might think that "peers" refers to British
imperialists.
D)The "peers" in question are the
"new-caught, sullen peoples"—raised to equality. As the previous
three stanzas make clear.
Ans:A
6)Said's more specific charges about Kim, as Kinkead-Weekes [10] has written, Kim was "the answer to nine-tenths of the charges levelled against Kipling and the refutation of most of the generalisations about him." the charges are…..
A) Kipling's India has "essential and unchanging qualities"
B)"Kipling is less interested in religion for its own sake."
6)Said's more specific charges about Kim, as Kinkead-Weekes [10] has written, Kim was "the answer to nine-tenths of the charges levelled against Kipling and the refutation of most of the generalisations about him." the charges are…..
A) Kipling's India has "essential and unchanging qualities"
B)"Kipling is less interested in religion for its own sake."
C) what Lionel Trilling, said: "[Kim]
suggested not only a multitude of different ways of life but even different
modes of thought. Thus, whatever one might come to feel personally about
religion, a reading of Kim could not fail to establish religion's factual
reality, not as a piety, which was the apparent extent of its existence in the
West, but as something at the very root of life..."
D) A and B
E)none of the above
Ans: D
8)Nirad C. Chaudhuri considers Kim to be "the finest novel in the English language with an Indian theme, but also one of the greatest of English novels in spite of the theme...Kim is great by any standards that ever obtained in any age of English literature." He also makes it clear that religion is one of the four major themes in Kim, and anyone who gets that wrong has not "quite understood what Kim is about."[13] Here is one ‘Indian reader’ who evidently does not behave in a way Said should like. The author is….
A) KIM by kipling
B) A QUEST FOR KIM by peter hopkirk
C) KIM by kipling and A QUEST FOR KIM
by peter hopkirk
D) none of the above
Ans:A
9)The novel slowly unfolds the symbiotic relationship of the Lama and Kim, each on his particular quest, for the "River that washes away all sin," and for Kim a search for his identity; the Wheel and the Way, the illusion and the reality, the beginning and the end.[14] The Lama realizes that his way of life depends on the freedom and protection guaranteed by the Raj, which defends "weaponless dreamers" like him. But Kim, too, changes, grows spiritually: the correct statement is….
A)“I was made wise by thee, Holy One,” said Kim...forgetting St. Xavier’s; forgetting his white blood; forgetting even the Great Game as he stooped, Mohammedan fashion, to touch his master’s feet in the dust of the Jain temple.
B) “My teaching I owe to
thee. I have eaten thy bread three years. My time is finished. I
am loosed from the schools. I come to thee.”
C) A and B
D) none of the above
Ans:C
10 Throughout the novel, Kipling contrasts the Christian Bennett, and his intolerance with the deep natural piety, and to a certain extent the superstitions of the people of India, and their natural veneration of the Lama despite the doctrinal differences. The differences is are
10 Throughout the novel, Kipling contrasts the Christian Bennett, and his intolerance with the deep natural piety, and to a certain extent the superstitions of the people of India, and their natural veneration of the Lama despite the doctrinal differences. The differences is are
A)"[The Lama] began in Urdu the
tale of the Lord Buddha, but, borne by his own thoughts, slid into Tibetan and
the long-droned texts from a Chinese book of the Buddha's life. The
gentle, tolerant folk looked on reverently."
"The family priest, an old tolerant
Sarsut Brahmin, dropped in later, and naturally started a theological argument
to impress the family. By creed, of course, they were all on the priest's
side, but the lama was the guest and the novelty. His gentle kindliness,
and his impressive Chinese quotations, that sounded like spells, delighted them
hugely; and in this sympathetic, simple air, he expanded like the Bodhisat's
own lotus, speaking of his life in the great hills of Such-zen, before he said,
'I rose up to seek enlightenment.'"
B)"'How thinkest thou of this one
[the lama]?' said the cultivator aside to the priest.
C)'A holy man—a holy man indeed. His Gods are not the Gods, but his feet are upon the way,' was the answer. 'And his methods of nativities, though that is beyond thee, are wise and sure.'"
C)'A holy man—a holy man indeed. His Gods are not the Gods, but his feet are upon the way,' was the answer. 'And his methods of nativities, though that is beyond thee, are wise and sure.'"
D)"These merry-makers stepped
slowly, calling one to the other and stopping to haggle with sweetmeat-sellers,
or to make a prayer before one of the wayside shrines—sometimes Hindu,
sometimes Mussalman—which the low-caste of both creeds share with beautiful
impartiality."
E)"[The
Lama] was prepared to spend serene years in his quest; having nothing of the
white man's impatience, but a great faith."
F) all the above
Ans:F
11 "Bennett looked at him with the
triple-ringed uninterest of the creed that lumps nine-tenths of the world under
the title of 'heathen.'"
Kipling admires the way Hindus and Muslims share wayside shrines, and points to the pessimistic view of the Reverend Arthur Bennett, who believed that “[b]etween himself and the Roman Catholic Chaplain of the Irish contingent lay…an unbridgeable gulf….”
Said devotes several pages to the
Great Mutiny—pages full of tendentious reading of Indian history. He writes,
"For the Indians, the Mutiny was a nationalist uprising against British
rule...." It is Said himself who takes it to be so: "In such a situation
of nationalist and self-justifying inflammation, to be Indian [sic!] would have
meant to feel natural solidarity with the victims of British reprisal. To
be British meant to feel repugnance and injury—to say nothing of righteous
vindication—given the terrible displays of cruelty by 'natives,' who fulfilled
the roles of savages cast for them. For an Indian, not [Said's
emphasis] to have had those feelings would have been to belong to a very small
minority. It is therefore highly significant that Kipling's choice of an
Indian to speak about the Mutiny is a loyalist soldier who views his
countrymen's revolt as an act of madness. Not surprisingly, this man is
respected by British 'Deputy Commissioners' who, Kipling tells us, 'turned
aside from the main road to visit him.' What Kipling eliminates is the
likelihood that his compatriots regard him as (at very least) a traitor to his
people."
Much of this is gobbledygook; and note Said’s use of “Indian,” implying to be Indian could only be one thing. The Mutiny has been analyzed in a masterly fashion by Geoffrey Moorhouse, an author quoted favorably on another issue by Edward Said. Moorhouse concluded, "What the whole episode never remotely [emphasis added] resembled was a national struggle for independence...." Here is what really happened. First, "it was restricted to a comparatively small area of the sub-continent. There were uprisings in Bombay, in Hyderabad and in Indore, all swiftly put down by military force before they got out of hand. Otherwise the country outside northern India never made a move, and even there the rebellion was localized. Neither the Sikhs nor the Gurkhas, the Rajputs nor the Marathas raised a hand against the British. Few of the native princes allowed themselves to become involved, and some put their resources at the Government's disposal. Thousands of Indian troops remained loyal to their officers while others were butchering anyone associated with the white regime." The loyalist soldier in Kim is not an isolated Benedict Arnold but one of many thousands who remained loyal to the Raj. In fact the mutineers were decidedly in the minority, since only about a quarter of the sepoys in the Army of Bengal joined the revolt![15] Kipling did not eliminate a likelihood; it is Said who introduced an improbability.
Second, "the insurgence," continues Moorhouse, "consisted of varied elements and grievances. There was a largely high-caste army of sepoys in the Bengal Army, inflamed by what they saw as a religious threat, which included their gradual displacement by lower castes in the military structure and on the land. There was a rural rebellion of peasants against social displacement caused by land reforms, which had them more than ever the prey of moneylenders; yet the toughest peasant rebels were those who had resisted social upheaval and had complaints about taxation." Thus, it was not a simple rebellion against colonial rule.
Third, "[m]any Indians, too, shared this nightmare, for the disorder of the Mutiny became a great excuse for the settling of old scores, and plenty of natives perished because they were suspected of casting spells or had given offence in some quite trifling way." Indian themselves suffered from the violence of other Indians, and were glad when the nightmare was over. Thus they would have thanked the loyalist soldier, not treated him as a traitor.
Then there is the old "Orientalist" charge laid against Creighton. "Everything about India interests Creighton, because everything in it is significant for his rule." The thought that Creighton might actually have interests, and a passion for Indian things for the sake of knowledge, never enters Said's head. Here is how Kipling characterizes that aspect of Creighton that has nothing to do with subduing recalcitrant natives: "No money and no preferment would have drawn Creighton from his work on the Indian Survey, but deep in his heart also lay the ambition to write 'F.R.S.' after his name. Honours of a sort he knew could be obtained by ingenuity and the help of friends, but, to the best of his belief, nothing save work-papers representing a life of it-took a man into the Society which he had bombarded for years with monographs on strange Asiatic cults and unknown customs. Nine out of ten would flee from a Royal Society soirée in extremity of boredom; but Creighton was the tenth, and at times his soul yearned for the crowded rooms in easy London where silver-haired, bald-headed gentlemen who know nothing of the Army move among spectroscopic experiments, the lesser plants of the frozen tundras, electric flight-measuring machines, and apparatus for slicing into fractional millimetres the left eye of the female mosquito. By all right and reason, it was the Royal Geographical that should have appealed to him, but men are as chancy as children in their choice of playthings."
That is an explicit, and a decisive refutation of Said, and a summary of one of the main theses of this book: the intellectual curiosity of Western man. Kipling ends the paragraph by observing, "So Creighton smiled, and thought the better of Hurree Babu, moved by like desire." Kipling finally and touchingly concedes that people like Hurree Babu, though sometimes slightly absurd figures who seem to have swallowed an English dictionary whole, are not simply aping the White Man, but are motivated by a "like desire" to acquire knowledge, and are intellectually overwhelmed even by the whole new world of the mind opened up by their contact with Western learning. For Said, Babu remains a "grimacing stereotype of the ontologically funny native, hopelessly trying to be like 'us.'"[16] But Babu is, like Creighton, eager for knowledge. Babu is not trying to be like white men but being true to himself, as someone enamored of learning. Toward the end of Chapter Twelve, Kipling presents a respectful portrait of Huree Babu as a changed man influenced by the Lama: "but, as he was ever first to acknowledge, there lay a wisdom behind earthly wisdom—the high and lonely lore of meditation. Kim looked on with envy. The Hurree Babu of his knowledge—oily, effusive, and nervous—was gone; gone, too was the brazen drug-vendor of overnight. There remained—polished, polite, attentive—a sober, learned son of experience and adversity, gathering wisdom from lama's lips." Not only India but her people can change.
