Wednesday, September 26, 2018

Conjunctions


Coordinating Conjunctions


subordinating conjunctions








1.       It was raining heavily …therefore..  we cancelled our trip to Goa.

2.       Teachers ..and…. parents shape the lives of children.

3.       Walking is a very good exercise …yet (still)… many people don’t go for it.

4.       You can eat your cake with a spoon …or…. a fork.

5.       His two favourite sports are Football…and…. Tennis.

6.       I wanted to go to the beach …but…. Mary refused.

7.       She is a vegetarian, …so… she doesn’t eat any meat.

8.       Jennifer doesn’t like to swim …but… she enjoys cycling.

9.       The students didn’t submit the assignments …nor… did they consult the teacher.

10.   It is a small car …(yet) still… it is surprisingly spacious.

A.     My friend enjoys poetry and fiction as well.
B.     We must work hard or face the failure.
C.     My father invited them but they didn’t come.
D.     I know you must be tired so I will let you rest.
E.      I felt lonely therefore I went to play cricket with my friends.
F.       Christmas was only a few days away yet it didn’t seem like Christmas.

Select correct subordinating conjunctions to be filled in the given passage from the
list given here: (Unless, if, when, because, as if, although, after, before, as soon as)
a) The train had already departed …when…. I reached the station.
b) Sachin scored more …as/if……getting tips from his coach.
c) I shall contact him ………as soon as………. he comes back.
d) You will not get success ……if……you work hard.
e) Seema didn’t come to college …… because ……she was out of station.
f) Ashok will get the job …because……. he deserves it.
g) He was behaving in such a way ……as…. he was a king.
h) … Even though / although/unless he got enough time, he could not complete his assignment within time.
i) You should finish your homework ………. I get back to home.

1.      As soon as I hear any news I’ll call you.
2.      j) I definitely meet him whenever I go to Paris.
3.      k) Companies are training their employees so that they can use their talents efficiently.
4.      l) Harry is the best friend of mine though we don’t see each other very often.
5.      m) Even though he is a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.
6.      n) No one left the room until the talk ended.
7.      o) Although he is very famous still he is humble.
8.       p) When you are in London, write an email to me.

Sample Exercise for the usage of Co-ordinating conjunctions.
(Either……or,neither……. nor, not only…. but also, as……as, if…….then, whether…..or)

a) ……if…my parents allow …then…. I’ll decide to come with you.
b) Dr. Kalam was……not only…. a scientist……but also…….an author of many famous books.
c) The management will decide……either…. to install this machine …or…. not.
d) Ritu is …not only …. tall …but also… intelligent than Deepa.
e) ………whether…. you finish your work……or…leave your job.
f) Your company offers ………neither/not only. a good salary…nor/but also…….an opportunity to grow.
g) You should go either by bus or by train.
h) Neither the police officers nor the military personnel were present there.
i) The car is not only economical but also easy to drive.
j) I like you as much as he does.
k) If you promise, then I will come.

l) She is free to decide whether to play or not.

Tuesday, September 25, 2018

INTERNET QUESTION

PRO. RAM CHAWLE

INTERNET




UGC QUESTION




1. Which of the following statement is correct ?
(A) Modem is a software
(B) Modem helps in stabilizing the voltage
(C) Modem is the operating system
(D) Modem converts the analog signal into digital signal and vice-versa
 Ans-(D) Modem converts the analog signal into digital signal and vice-versa
2. Which of the following is the appropriate definition of a computer ?
(A) Computer is a machine that can process information.
(B) Computer is an electronic device that can store, retrieve and process both
qualitative and quantitative data quickly and accurately.
(C) Computer is an electronic device that can store, retrieve and quickly process only
quantitative data.
(D) Computer is a machine that can store, retrieve and process quickly and accurately
only qualitative information
 ANS-(B) Computer is an electronic device that can store, retrieve and process both
qualitative and quantitative data quickly and accurately.

3. Information and Communication Technology includes :
(A) On line learning
(B) Learning through the use of EDUSAT
(C) Web Based Learning
 (D) All the above
 ANS-(D) All the above

4. Which of the following is the appropriate format of URL of e-mail ?
(A) www_mail.com (B) www@mail.com
(C) WWW@mail.com (D) www.mail.com
 ANS-(B) www@mail.com (SMALL)

5.    Firewalls are used to protect a communication network system against :

(A)    Unauthorized attacks  
 (B)    Virus attacks
(C)    Data-driven attacks  


 (D)    Fire-attacks
 ANS-(A)    Unauthorized attacks

6.    The site that played a major role during the terrorist attack on Mumbai (26/11) in 2008 was
(A)   Orkut                (B)   Facebook
(C)   Amazon.com    (D)   Twitter
 ANS- (D)   Twitter
7.    Assertion (A) : For an effective classroom communication at times it is desirable to use the projection technology.

         Reason (R)    : Using the projection technology facilitates extensive coverage of course contents.
(A)    Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation.
(B)    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
(C)    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D)    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
 ANS-(B)    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation.
7.    The accounting software 'Tally' was developed by :
(A)    HCL                        (B)     TCS        (C)    Infosys                  (D)    Wipro
 ANS-(B)     TCS 

8.    Errors in computer programmes are called :
(A)    Follies                  (B)     Mistakes    (C)    Bugs                   (D)    Spam
 ANS-(C)    Bugs


9.    HTML is basically used to design:
(A)    Web-page    (B)     Web-site
(C)    Graphics    (D)    Tables and Frames
 ANS-(A)    Web-page

10.    'Micro Processing'is made for:
(A)    Computer    (B)   Digital System
(C)    Calculator    (D)  Electronic Goods
 ANS-(B)   Digital System

11.    Information, a combination of graphics, text, sound, video and animation is called :
(A)    Multiprogramme    (B)     Multifacet
(C)    Multimedia    (D)    Multiprocess
 ANS-(C)    Multimedia

12.    'SITE' stands for:
(A)    System for International technology and Engineering
(B)    Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
(C)    South Indian Trade Estate
(D)    State Institute of Technology and Engineering
 Ans-(B)    Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

13. Commercial messages on the net are identified as
(A) Net ads
(B) Internet commercials
(C) Webmercials
(D) Viral advertisements
Ans.: (C) Webmercials
Tip: Webmericals=Web+Commercials

14. The Internet ethical protocol is called
(A) net protocol
(B) netiquette
(C) net ethics
(D) net morality

Ans.: (B) netiquette

15. GIF stands for
(A) Global Information Format
(B) Graphics Information Format
(C) Graphics Interchange File
(D) Graphics Interchange Format

Ans.: (D) Graphics Interchange Format

Tip: JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Expert Group

16. Which one of the following is not an Operating System ?
(A) IBM AIX
(B) Linux
(C) Sun Solaris
(D) Firefox

Ans.: (D) Firefox
Tip: Firefox is a browser.
Opera, chrome, safari internet explorer are also browsers.


17. CLASS stands for

(A) Complete Literacy and Studies in Schools

(B) Computer Literates and Students in Schools

(C) Computer Literacy and Studies in Schools

(D) Centre for Literacy and Studies in Schools

Answer: (C)
18. Which one of the following is not a type of experimental method ?

(A) Single group experiment

(B) Residual group experiment

(C) Parallel group experiment

(D) Rational group experiment

Answer: (B)

 19. Which one of the following is not a non-parametric test ?

(A) t-test

(B) Sign test

(C) Chi-square test

(D) Run test

Answer: (A)

20. ALU stands for
(A) American Logic Unit
(B) Alternate Local Unit
(C) Alternating Logic Unit
(D) Arithmetic Logic Unit
Answer: (D)

21. A Personal Computer uses a number of chips mounted on a circuit board called
(A) Microprocessor
(B) System Board
(C) Daughter Board
(D) Mother Board
Answer: (D)
22. Computer Virus is a
(A) Hardware (B) Bacteria
(C) Software (D) None of these
Answer: (C)

23. Which one of the following is correct?
(A) (17)10 = (17)16
(B) (17)10 = (17)8
(C) (17)10 = (10111)2
(D) (17)10 = (10001)2
Answer: (D)

24. The file extension of MS-Word document in Office 2007 is _______.
(A) .pdf (B) .doc
(C) .docx (D) .txt
Answer: (C)

25. The file extension of MS-Word document in Office 2007 is _______.
(A) .pdf                  (B) .doc
(C) .docx               (D) .txt
Answer: (C)
30. _______ is a protocol used by e-mail clients to download e-mails to your computer.
(A) TCP             (B) FTP
(C) SMTP         (D) POP
Answer: (D)  
Post Office Protocol (POP) is a type of computer networking and Internet standard protocol that extracts and retrieves email from a remote mail server for access by the host machine. POP is an application layer protocol in the OSI model that provides end users the ability to fetch and receive email


communication

                           

 communication



1.The non-verbal communication is possible through
A)Speech symbols
B) Eyes
C) Sense of touch
D) All of the above
Ans:Eyes

2.    The chronological order of non-verbal communication is
(A)    Signs, symbols, codes, colours
(B)    Symbols, codes, signs, colours
(C)    Colours, signs, codes, symbols
(D)    Codes, colours, symbols, signs
ans-(A)    Signs, symbols, codes, colours

3.    Which of the following statements is not connected with communication ?
(A)    Medium is the message.
(B)    The world is an electronic cocoon.
(C)    Information is power.
(D)    Telepathy is technological.
ANS-(D)    Telepathy is technological.

4.    Communication becomes circular when
(A)    the decoder becomes an encoder
(B)    the feedback is absent
(C)    the source is credible
(D)    the channel is clear
ANS-(A)    the decoder becomes an encoder

5.    Community Radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interest of :
(A)    Local audience             (B)     Education
(C)    Entertainment             (D)    News
ANS-(A)    Local audience

6.    Orcut is a part of:
(A)    Intra personal Communication
(B)    Mass Communication
(C)    Group Communication
(D)    Interpersonal Communication
ANS-(D)    Interpersonal Communication

7. The English word ‘Communication’ is derived from the words
(A) Communis and Communicare
(B) Communist and Commune
(C) Communism and Communalism
(D) Communion and Common sense
Ans-(A) Communis and Communicare
6. Classroom communication of a teacher rests on the principle of
(A) Infotainment             (B) Edutainment
(C) Entertainment            (D) Power equation
Ans-(B) Edutainment

8. Conversing with the spirits and ancestors is termed as

(A) Transpersonal communication

(B) Intrapersonal communication

(C) Interpersonal communication

(D) Face-to-face communication

Answer: (A)

9. Chinese Cultural Revolution leader Mao Zedong used a type of communication to talk to the masses is known as-
(A) Mass line communication
(B) Group communication
(C) Participatory communication
(D) Dialogue communication
Ans : (A)

10. In communication, myths have power, but are
 (A) uncultural.
 (B) insignificant.
 (C) imprecise.
 (D) unpreferred.
Ans- (C) imprecise.
11. Organisational communication can also be equated with
 (A) intra-personal communication.
 (B) inter-personal communication.
 (C) group communication.
 (D) mass communication.
Ans-(C) group communication.

12.    The function of mass communication of supplying information regarding the processes, issues, events and
        societal developments is known as :
(A)    content supply       (B)     surveillance
(C)    gratification            (D)    correlation
Ans:(A)    content supply
13.    Video transmission over the Internet that looks like delayed live casting is called :
(A)    virtual video           (B)     direct broadcast
(C)    video shift             (D)    real-time video
Ans-(D)    real-time video


14.      Match List-I (Interviews) with List-II (Meaning) and select the correct answer from the code given below:
        List - I (Interviews)                         List - II (Meaning)
(a)    structured interviews                (i)  greater flexibility approach
(b)    Unstructured interviews            (ii) attention on the questions to be answered
(c)    Focused interviews                 ((d)    Clinical interviews                
(d)    Clinical interviews                    (iv) Pre determined question
                                                     (v) non-directive
Code:    (a)     (b)     (c)     (d)
(A)        (iv)     (i)      (ii)     (iii)
(B)        (ii)     (iv)     (i)      (iii)
(C)        (v)     (ii)     (iv)      (i)
(D)        (i)      (iii)    (v)     (iv)
Ans:(A)        (iv)     (i)      (ii)     (iii)
(a)    structured interviews        -  (iv) Pre determined question  
(b)    Unstructured interviews      -   (i)  greater flexibility approach
(c)    Focused interviews                 -     (ii) attention on the questions to be answered
(d)    Clinical interviews                    -(d)    Clinical interviews  

17.Users who use media for their own ends are identified as
(A) Passive audience
(B) Active audience
(C) Positive audience
(D) Negative audience
Answer: (B)
19 Classroom communication can be described as
(A) Exploration
(B) Institutionalisation
(C) Unsignified narration
(D) Discourse
Answer: (D)
20. Ideological codes shape our collective
(A) Productions
(B) Perceptions
(C) Consumptions
(D) Creations
Answer: (B)

21. grapevine communication or Informal communication Means of grapevine communication are
(A) formal
(B) informal
(C) critical
(D) corporate
Answer: (B)
 is also known as grapevine communication because there is no definite route of communication for sharing information.
In this form of communication, information converges a long way by passing from one person to another person leaving no indication from which point it started. This is quite similar to the vine of grapes. It is also difficult to find out the beginning and the end of the grapevine.
(1) Single Standard:
In this form of communication, a person says something to a trustworthy person who, in turn, passes on the information to another trustworthy person and in this way a chain starts moving.
This creates a sort of chain which has been shown in diagram. The signs of cross shown at the top and bottom of the diagram show that the chain can move up and down both ways up to any extent.
(2) Gossip Chain:
In this form of communication, a person communicates something to a number of persons during the course of a gossip. A particular person in an organisation knows something specific that happens to be interesting. He tells this thing to all the members of his group and some other people also. Normally, such information is not related to the job.
For example, two employees of the organisation are going in for a love marriage and some particular person has got this information, he passes on this information to a large number of people. Gossip chain has been shown in diagram. In this diagram, Mr. A’ is passing on his information to B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, etc.
(3) Probability:
In this form of communication, a person remains indifferent about the fact as to whom he should pass on the information. There are numerous people around him. He passes on the information randomly to somebody around him. Those who get the information also have many people around them.
They also pass on the information randomly to somebody else. In this way, this chain moves. The diagram shows that A has four persons around-F, B, D and J but he passes on the information to F and D only.
He has not deliberately chosen F and D but it happens as a matter of chance. The same is the position of F and D. F is passing on the information to K and G while D is passing on the information to H. This chain will continue to move in this manner.
(4) Cluster:
In this form of communication, a person tells something to selected individuals. Those who receive the information further pass it on to another set of selected individuals.
In this way, this chain moves on. In every organisation some people have good liaison with other persons. Such people pass on the information to persons of their choice with the purpose of getting some favour from them.
Cluster has been shown in diagram. This figure makes it clear that A passes on the information received to B, C and D. B and C do not tell it to anybody else but D tells it to E, F and G. Similarly, E and F do not pass it on to anybody else but G passes it on to H and I. In this way this chain moves on.
 linear communication
An example of linear communication is a letter or an email. Linear communication consists of a sender creating a message. They send it to the receiver without any feedback.
Telephone is an example of
(A) linear communication
(B) non-linear communication
(C) circular
(D) mechanised
 

  MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
linear model
Interactive model
Transactional model
1   Linear Model
The linear model views communication as a one-way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. Laswell’s (1948) model was based on the five questions below, which effectively describe how communication works:
  2  Interactive Model:
 The interactional model of communication contains all of the concepts of the
linear model and adds the concept of feedback. Feedback is a response from the
receiver to the sender about the message. The addition of the concept of feedback
makes the linear model become more circular
3     Transactional Model
The main drawback in the interactive model is that it does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously. This model also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time.
The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in  the communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages.
The transactional model of communication more accurately reflects a real-world
model of interpersonal communication by illustrating that people communicating act
simultaneously as the sender and receiver in a cooperative fashion.
,***] Communication issues at the international level are addressed by
(A) ILO
(B) ITU
(C) UNDP
(D) UNESCO
Answer: (D)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization .... 22.They can also be used to address child health issues, empower adolescents, improve .
(C) UNDP--United Nations Development Programme
(B) ITU--International Telecommunication Union
 (A) ILO --International Labour Organization
23. Referential framing used by TV audience connects media with
(A) reality
(B) falsity
(C) negativity
(D) passivity
Answer: (A)
24. The communicated knowledge in a classroom is considered as
(A) non-pervasive treasure
(B) limited judgement
(C) autonomous virtue
(D) cultural capital
Answer: (D)
25. Classroom communication is normally considered as
(A) effective
(B) affective
(C) cognitive
(D) non-selective
Answer: (C)
26. The initial efforts for internet based communication was for
(A) Commercial communication
(B) Military purposes
(C) Personal interaction
(D) Political campaigns
Answer: (B)
27. The post-industrial society is designated as
(A) Information society
(B) Technology society
(C) Mediated society
(D) Non-agricultural society
Answer: (A)
28. Referential framing used by TV
audience connects media with
(A) reality (B) falsity
(C) negativity (D) passivity
Ans-A
29. The communicated knowledge in a classroom is considered as
(A) non-pervasive treasure
(B) limited judgement
(C) autonomous virtue
(D) cultural capital
Ans-(D) cultural capital
 pro.Ram Chawle

ram chawle Deconstruction’

prof. Ram Chawle

Deconstruction’


It seeks to expose the problematic nature of ‘centered’ discourses.
Derrida uses the term différance to denote neither a word nor a concept but rather the gap that is the difference between signifiers and the movement that is the deferral of the hypothetical signified. Presence is never present but always deferred. Différance, therefore, is the condition of possibility for experiencing the absence of the presence of the signified. Différance is the freeplay of signifiers that creates a trace of the other which is n(ever) absent. The experience that there is too much, more than one can say, is not due, argues Derrida, to the empirical impossibility of knowing language in its totality. Language excludes totalization because it is a field of play (play of signifiers in differential relations), of différance that permits the lack that creates the movement of supplementarity--the move to supplement a lack on the part of the signifying (and thus a lack "perceived" in the elusive/illusive signified). As Murfin notes in commenting on Derrida’s critique of Rousseau’s privileging of speech over writing, “writing is a supplement to speech that is at the same time necessary. Barbara Johnson, sounding like Derrida, puts it this way: ‘Recourse to writing . . . is necessary to recapture a presence whose lack has not been preceded by any fullness’ (Derrida, Dissemination xii). Thus, Derrida shows that one strand of Rousseau’s discourse made writing seem a secondary, even treacherous supplement, while another made it seem necessary to communication”


Aporia

prof. Lakhadive
prof. Ram Chawle


   Aporia







Aporia means---

1.an irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, argument, or theory.
2.. A figure of speech in which the speaker expresses or purports to be in doubt about a question.
3. An insoluble contradiction or paradox in a text's meanings.
4.the technical term applied to logical or rhetorical perplexities, impassable difficulties, logical paradoxes, and puzzlements. When understood in relation to deconstruction of literature, aporia demarcates a point where a text exhibits deconstruction characteristics: the text dismantles itself, deconstructs itself, or undermines its own rhetorical foundations.
5. all the above
Ans-5. all the above

cavalier poets










   cavalier poets



Cavalier Poets are the group of 17th-century English lyric poets  Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew, Sir John Suckling, Edmund Waller, and Robert Herrick. , associated with the Royalists as opposed to Roundheads, who supported Parliament. ,i. e.  the followers of King Charles I at the time of the English Civil War. Three of them—Thomas Carew, Sir John Suckling, and Richard Lovelace—were attached to the court of Charles, and one, Robert Herrick, was a clergyman Herrick, a clergyman, was detached from the court, his short, fluent, graceful lyrics on love and dalliance, and his carpe diem (“seize the day”) philosophy (“Gather ye rose-buds while ye may”) are typical of the Cavalier style. Besides writing love lyrics addressed to mistresses with fanciful names like Anthea, Althea, Lucasta, or Amarantha. These poets were influenced by Ben Jonson and formed an informal social, as well as literary circle. the Cavaliers sometimes wrote of war, honour, and their duty to the king. Sometimes they deftly combined all these themes as in Richard Lovelace’s well-known poem, “To Lucasta, Going to the Wars,” which ends,
I could not love thee, dear, so much
Loved I not honour more.

Robert Herrick's "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time":

Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
   Old time is still a-flying:
And this same flower that smiles to-day
   To-morrow will be dying.
The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
   The higher he's a-getting,
The sooner will his race be run,
   And nearer he's to setting.

That age is best which is the first,
   When youth and blood are warmer;
But being spent, the worse, and worst
   Times still succeed the former.

Then be not coy, but use your time,
   And while ye may go marry:
For having lost but once your prime
   You may for ever tarry.

John Milton (1608-1674)







John Milton (1608-1674)










Life
Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century, and one of the giants in English literature. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan age, and as Chaucer towers over the medieval period.
Milton was born in London. His father was a prosperous scrivener, a Puritan and a lover of music and literature. His education began at St. Paul's school, where he showed from the beginning a talent for mastering the ancient languages and literatures: Greek, Latin. He went on to distinguish himself at Cambridge University, where he graduated B. A. in 1629, and M. A. in 1632. He might well have entered the ministry upon completing his formal studies. But Milton decided that he had still not fully equipped himself for the work he was capable of performing, and he retired for five years to his father's country house in Buckinghamshire, where he read virtually all there was to read of ancient and modern writings. His poetic compositions came only occasionally during this period of intense private study. But basically during this period Milton was preparing himself for more ambitious undertakings, in religion and politics as well as in poetry. In 1638 he left England to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe, France, Switzerland and Italy. When he returned home in 1639, England was on the verge of a civil war.
After his return to England, he soon plunged himself into the struggle for which he had long been preparing. He gave all his energies to the writing of pamphlets dedicated to the people’s liberty. At that time, the Church of England was the major bulwark of the monarchy. Milton was stirred by the controversy and wrote a series of pamphlets headed by Of Reformation in England, in which he urged the necessity of a thorough religious reform. After the Revolution succeeded, and the commonwealth was established, Milton became Latin Secretary to the council of Foreign Affairs in 1649. He wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution, such as Defence of the English People, and Second Defence of the English People. In these pamphlets he attacked the enemy without mercy. He played an active role in public affairs during the Civil War and the Commonwealth. Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man of thought.
Milton was married to Mary Powell in June 1642, but the marriage proved to an unhappy one. The Powell family was strongly royalist and Mary was not able to share his political views. Six weeks after the marriage she left to return to her parents, and for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce.
Quite understandably, Milton gained the reputation of being a political radical during the Revolution Period. It was while he was engaged in this project that Milton went blind in 1652, doubtlessly due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition. But with the help of various scribes and secretaries, he was still able to perform his valuable services as Latin Secretary for Cromwell's government.
With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Milton not only was confronted with the collapse of the cause to which he had given so much, but also was imprisoned and threatened with execution. Through the intervention of some friends who carried some influence with the new royal government, Milton was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in blindness and virtual seclusion from all but the members of his immediate family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Both appeared in 1671; neither is as successful as Paradise Lost. Milton died in 1674,11,8.

Works:
Paradise Lost 1665
Paradise Regained 1671
Samson Agonistes 1671

1) Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. It is a long epic in 12 books, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation;the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden; and the possible salvation.
A.Theme and Characterization
The poem, as we are told at the outset, was "to justify the ways of God to man", and the reader soon gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.
In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot(暴君,独裁者), seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against and punishing Satan. His angels are silly. It has been noted by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, and who indeed never seem to have any opinion of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch. While the rebel Satan who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge, is by far the most striking character in the poem. Satan and his followers who freely discuss all issues in council bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This epic expresses the reactionary forces of his time and shows passionate appeal for freedom.
What makes Paradise Lost a powerful poem is precisely the way in which the Biblical past is pulled into the present in an intriguing way. Running through the poem are the key political questions of freedom and justice. These begin in Book 1 when the fallen angels debate what to do next. From the perspective of Satan and his followers, rebellion against God was inevitable. Heaven demanded obedience and servitude. The revolt may have failed, but it has left them their freedom. Freedom here may seem heroic, defiant and attractive, but it is clear that the fallen angels have also lost their former glory. Milton does blame Eve for wanting to gain knowledge and equality with Adam, and blame Adam for taking the fruit and joining her in sin. Yet Milton knows that Adam and Eve act of their own free will. The final image of the poem is profoundly forward-looking, an image of gain through loss. As Adam and Eve go hand in hand out of Eden, the loss of Paradise is seen as the gain of a future for humanity on earth.

The Image of Satan
The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he who, overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam.
He prefers independence to servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy. To Milton, the proud Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against an unjust authority. By using Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary.

2) Paradise Regained
It explores the theme of temptation and fall: in this case, it is the tempting of Jesus by Satan to prove his godhead.

3) Samson Agonistes
Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedy. The story was taken from the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion, fighting for the freedom of his country. But he was betrayed by his wife and blinded by his enemies the Philistines.
In this poetical drama, Milton is telling us his own story. Like Samson, he has been betrayed by his wife. He has suffered from blindness and been scorned by his enemies, and yet he has struggled heroically against his enemies. Samson’s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his longing for sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph are all allusions to the poet’s own story. So the whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. Samson is Milton.

4) Features of Milton's Poetry
A. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.
B. Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
C. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality.
D. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.

: Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John
Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.

25. What is ‘L’ Allegro’s’ companion piece called?
(A) Lamia (B) Hyperion (C) Il Penseroso (D) Thyrsis

. It is nearly impossible to understand and appreciate John Milton's L'Allegro without also having read its companion piece, Il Penseroso. Whereas l'allegro is "the happy person" who spends an idealized day in the country and a festive evening in the city, il penseroso is "the thoughtful person" whose night is filled with meditative walking in the woods and hours of study in a "lonely Towr." First published in 1645, the two poems complement each other structurally and contain images which are in specific dialogue with one another.

30. Which of the following works of
John Milton is an elegy ?
(A) Lycidas
(B) L’Allegro
(C) Camus
(D) Paradise Lost
Ans:Lycidas
Lycidas by John Milton is an elegy on his friend Edward King who was drowned on a voyage to Ireland. In its very form it is pastoral. In this poem we can see excellent images of nature and village life. In this elegy Edward King is been pasteurized as a shepherd in its idyllic setting.
Milton borrows the name Lycidas and gives to Edward King from the profounder of pastoral elegy (Theocritus) himself. He has taken this name from Theocritus’ Idylls in which Lycidas is a shepherd and poet.  By giving the very name Lycidas to King, Milton fulfills the first requirement of a pastoral poetry.  In this genre we can also see praises for the shepherd.  Here in Lycidas Milton calls King as selfless even though he was of clergy.
Lycidas begins with a pastoral image, “Symbols of poetic fame; as their berries are not yet ripe.” When we read these lines we are sure to get a picture of nature.  Milton tries to compare Cambridge to pasture, latter on he tries to speak about the heavy change suffered by nature because of the death of King.  He says that willows, hazel groves, woods and caves lament Lycidas’s death. At the end of the poem Lycidas appears as a rejuvenated figure, Milton says, “Burnished by the sun’s rays at down, King resplendently ascends heavenward to his eternal reward.
The balance between elegy and pastoral imagery throughout the poem has created an impression that Lycidas is one of the most original pastoral elegies.



The first line of Paradise Lost is :
(A) Of man’s first disobedience and
the fall
(B) Of man’s prime disobedience
and the fall
(C) Of man’s initial disobedience
and the fall
(D) Of man’s last disobedience and
the fall
Ans;  Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing heavenly muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
In Paradise Lost, Milton invokes his
‘Heav’nly Muse’, ‘Urania’ at the
beginning of :
Codes :
I. Book one
II. Book four
III. Book nine
IV. Book seven
The right combination according to
the code is
(A) I and II are correct.
(B) I, III and IV correct.
(C) II and III are correct.
(D) I and IV are correct.
ANS  (D) I and IV are correct.
Book I:

OF Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, [ 5 ]
Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill
Book I of Paradise Lost begins with a prologue in which Milton performs the traditional epic task of invoking the Muse and stating his purpose. He invokes the classical Muse, Urania, but also refers to her as the "Heav'nly Muse," implying the Christian nature of this work. He also says that the poem will deal with man's disobedience toward God and the results of that disobedience. He concludes the prologue by saying he will attempt to justify God's ways to men.
Book VII:
Escend from Heav'n Urania, by that name
If rightly thou art call'd, whose Voice divine
Following, above th' Olympian Hill I soare,
Above the flight of Pegasean wing.
The meaning, not the Name I call: for thou [ 5 ]
Nor of the Muses nine, nor on the top
Of old Olympus dwell'st, but Heav'nlie borne,
Before the Hills appeerd, or Fountain flow'd,
Thou with Eternal Wisdom didst converse,
Wisdom thy Sister, and with her didst play [ 10 ]
In presence of th' Almightie Father, pleas'd
With thy Celestial Song.
Book VII opens with another prologue to Urania, who in classical mythology was the Muse of Astronomy but whom Milton has transformed into a heavenly or Christian inspiration. In this prologue, Milton asks Urania to bring his thoughts down from Heaven and back to Earth and to inspire him once more to rise above his physical limitations.


Identify the classical tragedy from
the following :
(A) Samson Agonistes
(B) Lycidas
(C) Il Penseroso
(D) Comus
Ans;(A) Samson Agonistes
Which of the following works by
Milton is an elegy ?
(A) Samson Agonistes
(B) Lycidas
(C) Paradise Regained
(D) Il Penseroso
Ans: Lycidas

elegy:
elegy, meditative lyric poem lamenting the death of a public personage or of a friend or loved one; by extension, any reflective lyric on the broader theme of human mortality. In classical literature an elegy was simply any poem written in the elegiac metre (alternating lines of dactylic hexameter and pentameter) and was not restricted as to subject. Though some classical elegies were laments, many others were love poems. In some modern literatures, such as German, in which the classical elegiac metre has been adapted to the language, the term elegy refers to this metre, rather than to the poem’s content. Thus, Rainer Maria Rilke’s famous Duineser Elegien (Duino Elegies) are not laments; they deal with the poet’s search for spiritual values in an alien universe. But in English literature since the 16th century, an elegy has come to mean a poem of lamentation. It may be written in any metre the poet chooses.

A distinct kind of elegy is the pastoral elegy, which borrows the classical convention of representing its subject as an idealized shepherd in an idealized pastoral background and follows a rather formal pattern. It begins with an expression of grief and an invocation to the Muse to aid the poet in expressing his suffering. It usually contains a funeral procession, a description of sympathetic mourning throughout nature, and musings on the unkindness of death. It ends with acceptance, often a very affirmative justification, of nature’s law. The outstanding example of the English pastoral elegy is John Milton’s “Lycidas” (1638), written on the death of Edward King, a college friend. Other notable pastoral elegies are Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Adonais” (1821), on the death of the poet John Keats, and Matthew Arnold’s “Thyrsis” (1867), on the death of the poet Arthur Hugh Clough.

Other elegies observe no set patterns or conventions. In the 18th century the English “graveyard school” of poets wrote generalized reflections on death and immortality, combining gloomy, sometimes ghoulish imagery of human impermanence with philosophical speculation.

Representative works are Edward Young’s Night Thoughts (1742–45) and Robert Blair’s Grave (1743), but the best known of these poems is Thomas Gray’s more tastefully subdued creation “An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard” (1751), which pays tribute to the generations of humble and unknown villagers buried in a church cemetery. In the United States, a counterpart to the graveyard mode is found in William Cullen Bryant’s “Thanatopsis” (1817). A wholly new treatment of the conventional pathetic fallacy of attributing grief to nature is achieved in Walt Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865–66).

In modern poetry the elegy remains a frequent and important poetic statement. Its range and variation can be seen in such poems as A.E. Housman’s “To an Athlete Dying Young,” W.H. Auden’s “In Memory of W.B. Yeats,” E.E. Cummings’s “my father moved through dooms of love,” John Peale Bishop’s “Hours” (on F. Scott Fitzgerald), and Robert Lowell’s “The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket.”

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